s12 are solid rotors
s13 are vented rotors
s13 that I and most people refer to as the hilux conversion, are from early-mid 90's model hilux, vzn130 I think.
are made of iron. heavy.
No, I don't think that's right. The S12 is for 20mm hilux vented rotor, and the S13 is for 24mm rotor (suits the Verada conversion).
I know there is also a solid rotor caliper, but I'm not sure what its nomenclature is (def not S12)
I know because I had a set of S12's (and was wondering why everyone kept raving about the S13's being the one to have. I eventually put it down to internet hype - the S12's are still a good caliper, and can be used with a vented rotor.)
To answer the other questions, an alloy caliper will be lighter and give you less unpsrung mass, but 99% of people woulr never pick it. Even a lot of high level RWD rally cars use landcruiser or Hilux calipers, and I haven't heard too many of them complain about the calipers being too heavy.
Being 4WD calipers, there are plenty of good pads available. Remember, hard core off roaders do sillier things than we do, even when we're belting around a race track, so they need to have good brakes to survive the torture. You'll be doing well to over power a well set up hilux brake combo.